Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming in Java
Java is an Object-Oriented Programming that James Gosling designed. It is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based and having concurrent programming features. It has multi-threading features too. It is a static, safe, and strongly typed programming language. It was developed and is maintained by Oracle Corporation (then Sun Corporation). Its’ file extension names are .java or .class. It first appeared in the year 1995. It is intended to develop applications that can be Written Once and Run Anywhere. It is most popular for the client-server kind of applications. It is licensed under GNU General Public License and Java Community Process. The latest version of Java is 10, which is released in March 2018.
Explanation of Object-Oriented Programming in Java
The Java Programming Language is based on an Object-Oriented Programming Methodology or Paradigm that has different kinds of concepts such as Classes, Objects, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Encapsulation, and Abstraction which can be described as below:
- Class: This is a blueprint of the object that defines the fields or attributes and methods where the real functionality lies. These attributes and methods are called members, and these members can be accessed based on the defined access modifiers during the declaration of members.
- Object: An object is called an instance of the class, which can be declared and instantiated by calling the Class’s Constructor. An object will have the state, and the state will contain data that the attributes of the class will hold.
- Inheritance: This is the third step process. The data will be inspected, cleaned, transformed, and visualized by reducing useless information and transforming it into important sets of information to obtain valuable information from the existing data.
- Polymorphism: Polymorphism is defined as the process of performing a single task in different possible ways. In Java, Polymorphism can be achieved in two ways called method overloading and method overriding. Method overloading is also called Compile Time Polymorphism, whereas Method Overriding is also called Run Time Polymorphism.
- Encapsulation: This is encapsulating, which means hiding or binding or wrapping the code into a single unit or module defined as Class in Java. The encapsulation feature of object-oriented programming can be achieved by using a class in Java. A plain old java object or a Java Bean is said to be encapsulated as the members of the class are private (access modifier), those which can be accessed only by using getters and setters methods in the class.
- Abstraction: The object-oriented feature abstraction can be defined as the process of hiding the implementation of the functionalities by exposing only the required interfaces or accessing methods to invoke the implementation class methods. The abstraction can be achieved in the Java programming language by using Interface and Abstract Class.
Advantages of Object Oriented Programming in Java
- It helps in developing the different types of application and their maintenance easily without extra costs.
- It helps implement the changes easily by making small changes to the design, thereby making the application more adaptable to the larger changes required by the customer.
- The modularity in the code helps in an easy troubleshooting process and maintenance by fixing the bugs easily.
- Code reuse is the main.
- It provides greater flexibility toward frequent functionality changes.
Applications of Object-Oriented Programming in Java
There are different applications of Object-Oriented Programming in Java and below are the examples in this conceptual area:
1. Class
A class can be defined as below:
public class Employee {
private int employeeId;
private String employeeName;
public int getSalary(int basicPay, int da, int hra) {
int salary = basicPay + da + hra;
return salary;
}
}In the above class, employeeId, employee name and getSalary() method are the members of the class, whereas employeeId and employee name are the attributes or fields and getSalary() is the method where real work gets done.
2. Object
An object can be created as below for the above class Employee.
Employee employeeObject = new Employee();In the above line, an object is created using a new keyword, and Employee() is the empty arguments constructor used to create the object. The employee objects to the reference made to the class Employee.
3. Polymorphism
This can be achieved by method overriding and overloading.
public int getSalary(int basicPay, int da, int hra) {
int salary = basicPay + da + hra;
return salary;
}In the above method, another argument can be added to the method getSalary() by adding into the parenthesis as below:
public int getSalary(int basicPay, int da, int hra, int bonus) {
int salary = basicPay + da + hra + bonus;
return salary;
}4. Encapsulation
This can be achieved as below:
public class Employee {
private int employeeId;
private String employeeName;
public int getEmployeeId() {
return employeeId;
}
public void setEmployeeId(int employeeId) {
this.employeeId = employeeId;
}
public String getEmployeeName() {
return employeeName;
}
public void setEmployeeName(String employeeName) {
this.employeeName = employeeName;
}
}The above class Employee has two fields (private) and four methods (getters and setters) which will be used to access the above two private attributes.
5. Abstraction
This is the process of hiding the implementation functionality.
In the above method getSalary(), the internal function of the addition of all the components of a salary is hidden inside the method, and only this can be accessed by using the method name by passing the values as method arguments. In this way, the total salary will be obtained by passing the individual salary components to the method.
Conclusion
There are different and multiples areas of applications in the field of the Web world, Standalone, and many other areas for the Object-Oriented Programming in Java concept. The average utilization or application of object-oriented programming in Java has been in the top 5 positions for most of the enterprise applications and has been in almost every enterprise as of now is the most sought-after technology. There are huge numbers of tools available, such as IDEs, to develop applications using object-oriented programming in Java. Many companies are using Java-based applications for their requirements because of the ease of development and maintenance. The standalone apps developed in Java are mostly being used by many companies for their in-house tools They are developed based on Java Swing GUI toolkit and are now called Java FX in its recent version. The recent version of Java 8 provides great functional programming features and parallel processing capabilities with its Stream API.
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