Biography of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

Updated December 8, 2023

The Father of the Indian Constitution

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, born into a marginalized community in 1891, emerged as a visionary leader and an instrumental force in shaping modern India. Overcoming formidable socio-economic barriers, he embarked on an unparalleled journey marked by academic brilliance, social activism, and political acumen. As the principal architect of India’s Constitution, his lasting legacy as a champion of social justice and the rights of the oppressed continues to inspire generations, making him a revered figure in the annals of history.

Life should be great rather than long

Let’s have a look at the Early Life and Education of Dr. Ambedkar

Birth and Childhood in Mhow, Madhya Pradesh

Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, also known as Babasaheb, was born on April 14, 1891, in Mhow, now a military cantonment in Madhya Pradesh. Born into the Mahar caste, considered as “untouchables” in the rigid caste hierarchy of India, Ambedkar faced discrimination and social ostracism from an early age. His father, Ramji Sakpal, worked as an army officer, providing a modest income for the family.

The harsh realities of untouchability marked Ambedkar’s childhood, as he and his family were often subjected to social isolation and denied basic amenities. The experiences of discrimination during his formative years played a crucial role in shaping his worldview and fueling his determination to fight against social injustice.

Struggles and Discrimination Faced During His Early Years

Growing up in a society deeply entrenched in caste-based prejudices, Ambedkar encountered numerous challenges. Denied access to water sources, barred from entering temples, and facing discrimination in schools were routine occurrences.

These early experiences fueled his resolve to challenge the status quo and instilled in him a profound understanding of the oppressive social structures that marginalized specific communities. Ambedkar’s struggles with discrimination inspired his lifelong commitment to eradicating untouchability and fighting for marginalized communities.

Pursuit of Education and Academic Achievements

Despite facing immense societal barriers, Ambedkar displayed exceptional academic prowess. His educational journey began at the Elphinstone High School in Bombay, where he excelled despite discrimination from teachers and fellow students. His brilliance caught the attention of benefactors, including the Gaekwad of Baroda, who sponsored his further education.

Ambedkar pursued higher studies at the University of Bombay, Columbia University in the United States, and the London School of Economics. His academic achievements were not only a testament to his intellectual capabilities but also a reflection of his determination to overcome social obstacles through education.

Encounter with Caste-Based Discrimination in Educational Institutions

Ambedkar’s pursuit of education was not devoid of challenges. At Columbia University and the London School of Economics, he faced caste-based discrimination, which further fueled his commitment to the cause of social justice. These experiences abroad profoundly influenced his perspective on human rights, equality, and justice, shaping the trajectory of his future endeavors in India.

Ambedkar’s academic journey prepared him for the intellectual battles ahead and equipped him with the knowledge and insights to articulate a vision for a just and inclusive society. His education laid the foundation for his role as a key architect of modern India’s social and political landscape.

Family Background

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar hails from a humble family background marked by social and economic challenges. His family belonged to the Mahar caste, traditionally considered as “untouchables” in the caste-ridden social structure of India. The Mahar community faced severe discrimination and societal ostracism, relegated to performing menial and degrading tasks. Ambedkar’s father, Ramji Sakpal, served in the British Indian Army as a subedar major, providing a modest income for the family. Despite his father’s service, the family struggled with financial constraints and social marginalization due to their caste status.

The challenging circumstances of Ambedkar’s early life, characterized by poverty and discrimination, profoundly influenced his perspective and fueled his determination to fight against social injustice. His family’s struggles inspired him to advocate for the rights and dignity of India’s marginalized communities.

Ambedkar’s family background is a poignant backdrop to his life’s work, emphasizing the stark social inequalities in early 20th-century India and the need for transformative change. Despite the hardships faced by his family, Ambedkar’s journey from these humble beginnings to becoming a prominent leader, scholar, and principal architect of India’s Constitution remains a testament to his resilience and commitment to social justice.

Marriage

R. Ambedkar’s marital journey involved two significant phases. His first wife, Ramabai, passed away in 1935 after a prolonged illness. Following this, in 1948, after completing the draft of India’s constitution and facing health issues, Ambedkar married Sharada Kabir, who later adopted the name Savita Ambedkar. The marriage took place on April 15, 1948, at his home in New Delhi.

Ambedkar’s health was deteriorating at the time, marked by sleep deprivation, neuropathic pain in his legs, and a regimen of insulin and homeopathic medicines. Seeking treatment in Bombay, he met Sharada Kabir, who became his second wife. Doctors had recommended a companion with culinary skills and medical knowledge to care for him, and Savita Ambedkar fulfilled this role devotedly.

Savita Ambedkar, also known as ‘Mai,’ played a crucial role in caring for B. R. Ambedkar for the remainder of his life. She remained a supportive companion, providing care and assistance to Ambedkar until his passing. Savita Ambedkar lived a long life, passing away on May 29, 2003, at 93 in Mumbai.

Involvement during Independence

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was a pivotal figure in India’s independence struggle and subsequent period of nation-building. While his approach differed from that of some of the prominent leaders of the time, his contributions were substantial and shaped the trajectory of India’s political and social landscape.

Founding of the Scheduled Castes Federation

During the pre-independence era, Ambedkar emerged as a vocal advocate for the rights of the Dalits, also known as Scheduled Castes. In 1942, he founded the Scheduled Castes Federation to address the specific concerns of this marginalized community. Ambedkar’s goal was to provide a platform for the Dalits to voice their grievances and assert their rights within the broader context of the Indian freedom struggle.

Representation at Round Table Conferences

Ambedkar represented the depressed classes, especially the Dalits, in the Round Table Conferences, advocating for their rights and political representation. His participation in the conferences aimed at addressing the communal issues in British India and finding a suitable political framework for the country.

During the Second Round Table Conference in 1931, Ambedkar presented the “Memorandum on the Political Safeguards for the Depressed Classes,” outlining the demands of the Dalits for political representation and safeguards against discrimination. However, the discussions did not lead to a consensus, and Ambedkar’s proposals faced opposition from some quarters.

Despite facing challenges and not achieving immediate success at the Round Table Conferences, Ambedkar continued his tireless efforts for social justice and equality. Eventually, his persistent advocacy contributed to framing the Indian Constitution, which included provisions to protect the rights of marginalized communities.

Poona Pact (1932)

In 1932, the British colonial government announced a separate electorate for “Depressed Classes” in the Communal Award, leading to Mahatma Gandhi’s strong opposition, fearing it would divide the Hindu community. Gandhi protested through a fast in Yerwada Central Jail after joint meetings with leaders like Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo. An agreement known as the Poona Pact was signed on September 25, 1932, between B. R. Ambedkar and Madan Mohan Malaviya. The pact provided reserved seats for the depressed classes in the Provisional legislatures within the general electorate, ensuring 148 seats instead of the 71 initially proposed. The term “Depressed Classes” later became Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under the Indian Act of 1935 and the Indian Constitution of 1950. The Poona Pact aimed at forming a unified electorate in principle, but with primary and secondary elections allowing Untouchables to choose their own candidates in practice.

Resignation from the First Cabinet of Independent India

After India’s independence in 1947, Ambedkar was invited to join Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru’s first Cabinet. He accepted the position of the Law Minister and was tasked with chairing the drafting committee of the Constitution. However, due to ideological differences and his dissatisfaction with the pace of social reforms, Ambedkar resigned from the Cabinet in 1951.

Ambedkar’s resignation marked a crucial moment, reflecting his commitment to principles and insistence on prioritizing social justice and the rights of the oppressed. Despite leaving the government, he continued to exert his influence through his work on the Constitution and his advocacy for social reforms.

Formation of the Republican Party of India

In 1956, Ambedkar founded the Republican Party of India, aiming to provide a political platform for the marginalized sections of society. The party sought to address issues related to social justice, economic empowerment, and political representation for the Scheduled Castes and other disadvantaged groups.

A relentless pursuit of justice, equality, and rights for marginalized communities marked Ambedkar’s involvement during independence. His decision to concentrate on Dalits’ social and political advancement reflected his unwavering commitment to creating an inclusive and just society in post-independence India.

Participation in the Drafting of the Indian Constitution

“If I find the constitution being misused, I shall be the first to burn it.”

Appointment as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee

As India approached independence in 1947, framing a constitution for the newly formed nation became paramount. On August 29, 1947, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was appointed Chairman of the Constituent Assembly’s Drafting Committee. This appointment recognized his legal acumen, scholarly prowess, and commitment to social justice.

Key Contributions to the Framing of the Constitution

Ambedkar played a pivotal role in shaping the fundamental principles and provisions of the Indian Constitution. His vision was grounded in equality, justice, and individual liberties. One of his key contributions was in drafting the Preamble, which reflects the aspirations of the Indian people for a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic.

Ambedkar’s emphasis on fundamental rights and the inclusion of affirmative action measures, such as reservations for Scheduled Castes and Tribes, were instrumental in addressing historical injustices and ensuring social inclusivity.

Emphasis on Fundamental Rights and Social Justice

Ambedkar’s deep commitment to the cause of social justice found expression in including fundamental rights in the Constitution. These rights, ranging from freedom of speech to equality before the law, were designed to safeguard the individual liberties of all citizens, irrespective of caste, creed, or gender.

His efforts to include provisions for affirmative action, like reservations in education and employment, aimed to uplift the socially marginalized sections of society. This marked a historic step towards dismantling the age-old caste-based discrimination prevalent in Indian society.

Vision for an Inclusive and Egalitarian Society

Ambedkar consistently advocated for an inclusive and egalitarian society throughout the drafting process. He championed the cause of social justice by addressing the historical injustices perpetuated by the caste system. Under his guidance, the Constitution became a transformative document that sought to build a nation where every citizen had equal opportunities and rights.

Ambedkar’s role in drafting the Indian Constitution remains a cornerstone of his legacy. His tireless efforts laid the foundation for a democratic and inclusive India, where the principles of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity would guide the nation toward a brighter future.

Advocacy for Social Reforms

• Leadership in the Dalit Movement: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was a trailblazer in the Dalit movement, dedicating his life to dismantling the deeply entrenched caste-based hierarchy in Indian society. As a leader, he tirelessly advocated for the rights and upliftment of the Dalit community, which had historically faced social ostracism and discrimination. Ambedkar’s leadership in the Dalit movement aimed to challenge age-old prejudices and secure equal opportunities for the marginalized sections of society.
• Campaign Against Untouchability and Caste Discrimination: At the forefront of Ambedkar’s social reform agenda was the relentless campaign against untouchability. He considered untouchability to be a social evil that needed urgent eradication. Notable instances include the Mahad Satyagraha in 1927, where Ambedkar led a movement to assert the right of Dalits to access public water sources, and the Temple Entry Movement, advocating for equal access to religious places. These campaigns were pivotal in bringing attention to the dehumanizing practice of untouchability and initiating conversations about its abolition.
• Establishment of the Independent Labour Party: In 1936, recognizing the intersectionality of economic and social struggles, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party. This political entity aimed to address the socio-economic issues faced by the Dalit community. Ambedkar believed that economic empowerment was crucial for achieving social equality. The party worked towards securing Dalit political representation and advocated for labor rights, aligning with Ambedkar’s broader vision of comprehensive social reform.
• Support for Women’s Rights and Gender Equality: Ambedkar was a visionary advocate for women’s rights within the context of caste and gender discrimination. Recognizing the specific challenges faced by Dalit women, he actively worked towards their empowerment. Ambedkar emphasized education as a means of liberation and encouraged the participation of Dalit women in social and political spheres. His stance on gender equality was ahead of its time, laying the groundwork for future movements to address the intersectionality of caste and gender oppression.

Political Career

“I measure the progress of a community by the degree of progress which women have achieved.”

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’s political career was characterized by a steadfast commitment to social justice, equality, and the empowerment of marginalized communities, with a keen focus on the role of women in societal progress. This quote encapsulates Ambedkar’s belief in women’s pivotal role in determining a community’s advancement and development. His political journey reflects a tireless effort to translate this belief into tangible actions within the Indian political landscape.

• Founding of the Scheduled Castes Federation: In 1942, Ambedkar founded the Scheduled Castes Federation, a political organization dedicated to addressing the political concerns of the Dalit community. This marked the beginning of his formal foray into Indian politics. The federation aimed to provide political representation to Scheduled Castes and work towards their socio-political upliftment.
• Representation at Round Table Conferences: Ambedkar’s political engagement extended beyond Indian borders when he represented the Dalits at the Round Table Conferences in London during the 1930s. His participation was instrumental in articulating the political aspirations of the Dalit community and advocating for their rights in the constitutional framework of independent India.
• Resignation from the First Cabinet of Independent India: Upon India’s independence in 1947, Ambedkar was invited to join the first Cabinet as the Law Minister. As the chairman of the drafting committee for the Constitution, he showcased his commitment to framing a document that upheld the principles of justice and equality. However, ideological differences and dissatisfaction with the pace of social reforms led to his resignation from the Cabinet in 1951, underlining his unwavering dedication to principles over political expediency.
• Formation of the Republican Party of India: In 1956, Ambedkar founded the Republican Party of India (RPI) to further his political objectives. The party aimed to provide political representation to the Scheduled Castes and other marginalized communities. Ambedkar envisioned the RPI as a platform for advocating the rights of the oppressed within the democratic framework of the newly independent nation.

Conversion to Buddhism

1. Reasons for Conversion

Critique of Hindu Caste System

• Ambedkar’s profound critique of the Hindu caste system, which perpetuated discrimination and social inequality.
• Recognition of the inherent injustices embedded in the caste hierarchy, restricting the opportunities and rights of millions.

Embrace of Buddhism as a Path to Equality

• Explore Ambedkar’s study of various religions and philosophies.
• Explanation of why he chose Buddhism for social and spiritual emancipation.
• Emphasis on Buddhism’s equality, non-violence, and social harmony align with Ambedkar’s vision for a just society.

2. Mass Conversions and Impact

Organizing Mass Conversions

• On October 14, 1956, Ambedkar and thousands of his followers converted to Buddhism in Nagpur.
• Overview of the symbolism behind the mass conversions and its significance as a public renouncement of the caste system.

Influence on the Spread of Buddhism in India

• Analysis of Ambedkar’s role in the revival of Buddhism in India.
• Discussion on how his conversion sparked a movement, leading to a significant increase in the number of Buddhists in the country.
• Examination of the impact of his conversion on the socio-religious landscape of India.

3. Criticism and Controversies

Reactions from Various Quarters

• Exploration of the varied reactions to Ambedkar’s conversion, including support from followers and criticism from conservative quarters.
• Analysis of the political and social implications of his decision.

Controversies Surrounding Conversion

• Discuss controversies and debates arising from Ambedkar’s conversion, both within the Buddhist community and beyond.
• Examination of Ambedkar and his followers’ tensions and challenges after the mass conversions.

4. Legacy of Buddhist Conversion

Continued Influence on Buddhism in India

• Assessment of the enduring impact of Ambedkar’s conversion on the Buddhist community in India.
• Discussion of the role of Buddhism in promoting social equality and justice.

Symbolism for Social Liberation

• Reflection on how Ambedkar’s conversion serves as a symbol of liberation and resistance against caste-based oppression.
• Analysis of the ongoing relevance of his conversion in contemporary debates on social justice and religious identity.

Conclusion

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’s extraordinary life epitomizes the struggle for justice and equality. From challenging the caste system to crafting India’s Constitution and embracing Buddhism, he left an indelible mark. His legacy is a beacon for social reform, inspiring generations to champion the principles he fervently upheld. Ambedkar’s contributions remain vital, urging society to continue the quest for a truly inclusive and just world.

“Be Educated, Be Organised, and Be Agitated”