Updated December 14, 2023

Introduction to Concepts of Python Programming Language

Python is a general-purpose programming language. It is interpreted and also a high-level programming language. It was created and developed by Guido van Rossum. It was first released in the year 1990. It has a dynamic type of discipline and is also strong. Its’ filename extensions are of different types, such as .py, .pyc, .pyd, .pyo, .pyw, .pyz. It is object-oriented, functional, procedural, reflective, and imperative. It is being maintained and developed by the Python Software Foundation. It was mainly influenced by languages such as CoffeeScript, Go, Ruby, Swift, Groovy, and JavaScript. It is also a multi-paradigm programming language. The Lisp programming language inspired its’ functional programming features. It also supports aspect-oriented programming.

Explanation of Python Language

The different kinds of features of Python are portable, extendable, GUI toolkit, scalable, interactive mode, etc., It has garbage collection features, high-level dynamic data types, and also can be easily integrated with different languages such as C++, C, CORBA, ActiveX, and Java. It supports operating systems like Windows, Linux, and Macintosh.

Python Operators

Arithmetic Operators
Assignment Operators
Comparison (Relational) Operators
Logical Operators
Bitwise Operators
Identity Operators
Membership Operators

Python Conditional Operators

If statement
If…else statements
Nested if statements

Python Loops

While loop: – repeats until the given condition becomes true
For loop: – executes a sequence of statements on multiple lines
Nested loops: – looping one or more in another loop

Python Loop Controls

break: – terminates loop statements
continue:- skips the execution of the loop in its remaining body
pass:- to syntactically execute a code in python

Numerical Types

The different numerical types are signed integers, such as int, long, float, and complex. The complex number contains the real part and the imaginary part.

Mathematical Functions

The different functions in mathematical functions API are abs (absolute value), ceil (ceiling value), exp (exponential), CMP (compare two values), floor (flooring values), log (natural logarithm), power (power of a number), sqrt (square root of a number).

Tuples

A tuple is defined as a sequence of immutable objects. It is similar to lists. Tuples are immutable, which means they can’t be modified.

Dictionary

A Dictionary contains a key and value data pair, which a colon will separate (:). A Dictionary can also be empty. Updating and deleting operations can also be done on Dictionaries based on key indexes.

Functions

A Function in Python can be defined as a block of code that can be reusable and produces a predefined functionality. This gives modularity and provides easier code maintenance.

Classes and Objects

Python language is object-oriented programming; hence, the classes can be created, and objects can be instantiated. A class is a blueprint of the objects; the attributes will be declared inside the class. The class instance is the object, and it contains the values of the attributes. It has the features of Inheritance, Function overloading, operator overloading, declaring data members, methods, objects, etc.

Inheritance

Class Inheritance is the process of extending the features of a superclass in its subclass to extend a few of its features by inheriting its superclass-type features.

Overriding method

Overriding methods is the process of overriding the same method by declaring it in the same way for the purpose of declaring different functionalities.

Overloading Operators

Overloading operators is the process of overloading the operators, which will result in the same way for the purpose of declaring different functionalities.

The other different advanced features of the Python language are CGI programming, database access, networking, email processing, multithreading features, XML processing, GUI programming, and Regular Expressions.

The different Data Structures in the Python language are Lists, Sets, Dictionaries, Tuples and Sequences, Stacks, and Queues. Lists can be used as stacks and queues.

Errors and Exceptions in Python Language

The different types of errors in Python are Run-Time Errors, Type Errors, Name Errors, and Syntax Errors, also called Parsing Errors. The errors can be detected at the time of compilation itself. In contrast, Exception is defined as the errors that occurred during the time of execution where those cannot be reflected at the time of interpretation or compilation. Exceptions can also be like User-Defined Exceptions. The exceptions can be handled using an exception handling mechanism by using a try-except finally block where the code block prone to an exception is written inside a try block, the exception to be caught will be in the else block, and the finally will be executed irrespective of the try and else blocks.

Examples

1. Numerical types of data in Python

int	long	float	complex
15	334451234L	15.0	2.4j

2. Backspace characters

Notation	Description
\a	Alert or Bell
\b	Backspace
\e	Escape
\s	Space

3. Tuples can be defined as below

tuple = ('maths, english', 1994, 2018)

4. Function syntax

def function_name( arguments ):
    "function_name1"
    function_name2
return [expression]

5. Declaring a class

class ClassName:
'Optional class doc string'
class_content

6. Creating Instances (Objects) of class

dog1 = Dog("Puppy", 1)

7. Exception Handling

def divide(a, b):
...
try: ...
result = a / b
...
except ZeroDivisionError:
...
print("divide by zero.")
...
else:
...
print("Result :", result)
...
finally:
...
print("Executes finally clause")

Conclusion – Python Language

Python is a multi-paradigm programming language that can be used to develop web applications using its relative web frameworks. Django is the familiar and the best framework for the Python programming language to develop web applications. Python can also be used in mobile app development, GUI-based standalone apps or desktop applications, games, business applications, software development, image processing applications, computational applications, scientific and research applications, and also operating systems and prototyping. Python’s execution time is very low, so it is better to be chosen for the requirement of fast executing applications. Python has powerful functional programming along with a blend of object-oriented programming features. Because of the faster execution features, predefined cleanup actions, and garbage collection mechanisms, python language is highly useful in Data Science, Data operations, and handling data management operations in the field of Computer Science.

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